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GNDU Question Paper-2023
B.A 2
nd
Semester
ENGLISH (Elective)
Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 100
Note: There are Eight questions of equal marks. Candidates are required to attempt any
Four questions
SECTION-A
1. (a) Describe the following literary terms with examples:
tragicomedy, tragedy, burlesque, irony, elegy.
(b) Transcribe the following words:
conduct (n), consume, monk, hotel, perfect (adj), cut, depot, police, hyperbole, irony.
2.(a) Describe the following literary terms with examples:
sonnet, poetic, justice, point of view, satire, metaphor.
(b) Transcribe the following words:
shut, onion, wealthy, handsome, consume, feast, sofa, offer, elegy.
SECTION-B
3. (a) Describe the theme of gossiping in the play, School for Scandal.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) Explain the following dialogue with reference to context:
Did you give currency to the reports of the secret love-affair of Lady Brittle with Captain
Boastall".
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(ii) Summarize the contents of Act I of the play.
(iii) Comment on the title of the play, School for Scandal.
4. (a) What happens in Act II of the play, School for Scandal? Describe in detail.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) What type of man is Mr. Snake ?
(ii) What type of man is Peter?
(iii) What scandalous stories are served by Mrs. Candour ?
SECTION-C
5. (a) "The characters in their play are types". Discuss the view about the play, School for
Scandal.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) Explain the following with reference to context:
"....I live by the badness of my character - I have nothing but my infamy to depend on! and, if it
were once known that I had been betrayed into an honest action, I should lose every friend I have
in the world"
(ii) How does scandalous gossip of scandal-mongers in Act V, scene II create humour in the play
(iii) In what ways does Sheridan use dramatic irony in the play? What effect does this have on the
audience?
6. (a) "The screen scene is Sheridan's greatest triumph". Analyse this scene and account for its
success.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(1) How do names play a role in a reader or audience member's understanding of the play, School
for Scandal ? Choose one or two names and give specific examples of how they are used.
(ii) In the play, School for Scandal, does the revelation of truth and dispelling of rumours lead to
positive or negative outcomes? What moral do you think Sheridan means to convey about truth?
(iii) How do women characters contribute to the social problems in the play, School for Scandal ?
SECTION-D
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7. (a) Discuss the theme of the novel, Untouchable.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) What purpose does Sohini's assault serve in Untouchable ? Why did Anand think it important to
include her assault in the novel?
(ii) Though, a serious and at times tragic work, Untouchable is also known for its comedy. Analyse
several instances Anand uses comedy in the novel.
(iii) How does Bakha go around asking for food?
8.(a) Discuss plot construction in Anand's Untouchable.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) In Untouchable, Bakha is constantly day-dreaming and falling into trances-like states. What
roles do his dreams and trances play in the novel?
(ii) Describe Bakha as ideal Brother and worthy son.
(iii) What does the city represent to Bakha in Untouchable?
GNDU Answer Paper-2023
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Easy2Siksha
B.A 2
nd
Semester
ENGLISH (Elective)
Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 100
Note: There are Eight questions of equal marks. Candidates are required to attempt any
Four questions
SECTION-A
1. (a) Describe the following literary terms with examples:
tragicomedy, tragedy, burlesque, irony, elegy.
(b) Transcribe the following words:
conduct (n), consume, monk, hotel, perfect (adj), cut, depot, police, hyperbole, irony.
Ans: (a) Description of Literary Terms with Examples:
1. Tragicomedy:
A literary genre that blends elements of both tragedy and comedy. It features serious
themes and situations but includes moments of levity or comedic elements, often ending
on a more hopeful or positive note than a pure tragedy.
Example: William Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale is often classified as a tragicomedy
because it combines tragic elements, like the jealousy and wrongdoings of King Leontes,
with comedic moments and a positive resolution.
2. Tragedy:
A genre of drama or literature that portrays a serious, often sorrowful story, usually ending
in the downfall or death of the protagonist, often due to a fatal flaw or a moral decision.
Example: Shakespeare's Hamlet is a tragedy where the protagonist, Hamlet, succumbs to
internal conflict and indecision, leading to his own demise and the death of many others.
3. Burlesque:
A form of literature, drama, or art that humorously exaggerates or mocks a subject, often
using irony and caricature. It can be a parody of a serious work or genre.
Example: The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope is a burlesque poem, where he satirizes a
high-society scandal by exaggerating its importance and treating trivial matters with
grandiosity.
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4. Irony:
A literary technique where there is a contrast between expectation and reality, often used
to create humor or emphasize a point. It can be verbal, situational, or dramatic.
Example: In Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare, it is ironic that Romeo kills himself thinking
Juliet is dead, while she is actually alive.
5. Elegy:
A poem or song that expresses sorrow or lamentation, often in response to death or a
tragic event. It reflects on loss and mortality.
Example: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray is an elegy that mourns
the untimely deaths of people and reflects on the inevitability of death and the fleeting
nature of life.
(b) Transcription of Words:
1. Conduct (n): /ˈkɒn.dʌkt/
2. Consume: /kənˈsjuːm/
3. Monk: /mʌŋk/
4. Hotel: /həʊˈtɛl/
5. Perfect (adj): /ˈpɜː.fɪkt/
6. Cut: /kʌt/
7. Depot: /ˈdiː.pəʊ/
8. Police: /pəˈliːs/
9. Hyperbole: /haɪˈpɜː.bə.li/
10. Irony: /ˈaɪ.rə.ni/
2.(a) Describe the following literary terms with examples:
sonnet, poetic, justice, point of view, satire, metaphor.
(b) Transcribe the following words:
shut, onion, wealthy, handsome, consume, feast, sofa, offer, elegy.
Ans: (a) Literary Terms with Examples:
1. Sonnet: A sonnet is a 14-line poem with a specific rhyme scheme and meter, often used to
express emotions, thoughts, or ideas. The two most common forms are the Shakespearean
sonnet (ABAB CDCD EFEF GG) and the Petrarchan sonnet (ABBA ABBA CDE CDE).
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o Example (Shakespearean Sonnet): "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?"
(Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare).
2. Poetic Justice: Poetic justice is the ideal distribution of rewards and punishments, where
virtue is rewarded, and vice is punished in a way that is fitting to the character's actions. It
often occurs at the end of a story.
o Example: In Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, Shylock gets his punishment in
a way that matches his earlier actions, thus achieving poetic justice.
3. Point of View: Point of view refers to the narrator’s position in relation to the story. It is
the lens through which the reader experiences the story. The main types are first person,
second person, and third person (limited, omniscient).
o Example (First Person): "I wandered lonely as a cloud..." (from I Wandered Lonely
as a Cloud by William Wordsworth).
4. Satire: Satire is a literary technique that uses humor, irony, or ridicule to expose or criticize
societal flaws, vices, or foolishness, often with the intent of provoking change.
o Example: Jonathan Swift's A Modest Proposal is a satire, as it mocks British policies
towards the Irish by suggesting the eating of children.
5. Metaphor: A metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two unlike things without using
"like" or "as." It asserts that one thing is another, often to highlight a particular
characteristic.
o Example: "Time is a thief." This metaphor compares time to a thief, suggesting that
it steals moments from our lives.
(b) Transcriptions:
1. shut /ʃʌt/
2. onion /ˈʌnjən/
3. wealthy /ˈwɛlθi/
4. handsome /ˈhænsəm/
5. consume /kənˈsjuːm/
6. feast /fiːst/
7. sofa /ˈsəʊfə/
8. offer /ˈɒfə/
9. elegy /ˈɛlɪdʒi/
SECTION-B
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3. (a) Describe the theme of gossiping in the play, School for Scandal.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) Explain the following dialogue with reference to context:
Did you give currency to the reports of the secret love-affair of Lady Brittle with Captain
Boastall".
(ii) Summarize the contents of Act I of the play.
(iii) Comment on the title of the play, School for Scandal.
Ans: (a). Theme of Gossiping in School for Scandal
Introduction
School for Scandal, written by Richard Brinsley Sheridan, is a famous comedy of manners that
satirizes the hypocrisy and gossip culture of high society in 18th-century England. Gossiping is one
of the central themes of the play, as it exposes how rumors, false appearances, and idle talk can
ruin reputations and create misunderstandings.
The play presents a world where people judge others based on rumors rather than facts. The so-
called "respectable" members of society engage in gossip to entertain themselves, often at the
expense of others. Through humor and wit, Sheridan criticizes this destructive behavior and
highlights the dangers of a society obsessed with scandal.
1. The Role of Gossip in the Play
a) The Scandal-Mongers
The play revolves around a group of characters who thrive on gossip. These "scandal-mongers"
meet regularly to discuss and spread rumors about others. Instead of engaging in meaningful
conversations, they enjoy talking about the personal lives of their friends and acquaintances.
Example:
Imagine a group of people at a tea party where instead of discussing important matters, they
spend hours talking about who is cheating on whom, who has money problems, or who is secretly
in love with someone. This is exactly what happens in School for Scandal.
The chief scandal-mongers in the play are:
• Lady Sneerwell – A wealthy widow who enjoys ruining people's reputations.
• Snake – Her assistant who helps her spread lies.
• Mrs. Candour – A woman who pretends to hate gossip but actually loves to talk about
others.
• Sir Benjamin Backbite and his uncle Crabtree – They delight in making fun of others.
These characters represent the toxic nature of a society where gossiping is considered
entertainment.
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b) Gossip as a Weapon
In School for Scandal, gossip is not just idle talk—it is used as a weapon to manipulate and harm
others. Characters spread false stories to damage reputations and create conflicts.
Example:
Think about how a small lie can spread like wildfire in today’s world, especially through social
media. A false rumor about someone can destroy their career, relationships, and social standing.
This is exactly what happens in the play.
Lady Sneerwell and Snake start a false rumor that Charles Surface is in love with Lady Teazle. Their
goal is to ruin Charles’s chances of marrying Maria, whom Lady Sneerwell secretly wants for
herself. This shows how gossip is used not just for entertainment, but also for personal gain.
c) The Impact of Gossip on Reputation
Reputation is extremely important in School for Scandal. In a society that values appearances,
being the subject of gossip can ruin a person's social standing.
• Joseph Surface pretends to be a morally upright man, but in reality, he is deceitful and
selfish. He maintains his reputation by speaking against gossip while secretly engaging in it.
• Charles Surface, though a good-hearted man, is labeled as irresponsible and reckless
because of the rumors spread about him.
• Lady Teazle, a young woman who married an older man (Sir Peter Teazle), becomes a
victim of gossip when people falsely assume she is having an affair.
This theme is still relevant today. In the modern world, many people are judged not by their true
character but by what others say about them. The play reminds us of the dangers of blindly
believing rumors.
2. Humor and Satire in Gossip
a) Comedy in Scandal-Making
Sheridan uses humor to show how ridiculous gossip can be. The scandal-mongers exaggerate small
incidents and turn them into dramatic stories.
Example:
Imagine someone tripping over a stone and falling. A gossip lover might turn this into a story
about how that person was running away after stealing something. This exaggeration is exactly
how the characters in School for Scandal behave.
One of the funniest moments in the play is when Sir Peter Teazle hides behind a screen in Joseph
Surface’s house and overhears an embarrassing conversation. This scene shows how rumors and
misunderstandings create chaos.
b) Satire on High Society
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Sheridan does not just make fun of gossip—he criticizes the entire society that enjoys it. The play
shows how people in high society pretend to be noble and virtuous while secretly enjoying the
downfall of others.
Example:
Think of social media influencers who talk about kindness and positivity but secretly spread
rumors to bring others down. This hypocrisy is exactly what Sheridan mocks in his play.
3. The Consequences of Gossip
a) False Friends and Betrayal
Gossip often leads to betrayal. In the play, Lady Sneerwell pretends to be Maria’s friend but
secretly tries to ruin her happiness. Joseph Surface acts like a loyal friend, but he only cares about
his own success.
This reminds us that those who gossip about others can never be true friends. If someone enjoys
talking badly about others, they will do the same to you when you are not around.
b) Broken Relationships
Gossip creates misunderstandings between people. Sir Peter Teazle and Lady Teazle constantly
argue because of the rumors surrounding her. Maria refuses to marry Charles because she
believes the false stories about him.
This shows how dangerous gossip can be—it can destroy trust and love.
c) The Exposure of Hypocrisy
In the end, the true nature of the characters is revealed:
• Joseph Surface, who pretended to be moral, is exposed as a liar.
• Charles Surface, who was thought to be irresponsible, proves to be kind and honest.
• Lady Teazle, who was suspected of having an affair, shows that she truly loves her
husband.
This proves that truth always comes out, no matter how strong the gossip is.
4. Lessons from School for Scandal
The play teaches important lessons about the dangers of gossiping:
a) Do Not Judge Others Without Knowing the Truth
Many characters in the play believe in rumors without verifying them. This happens even today—
people often believe false stories without checking facts. The play teaches us to be careful about
believing everything we hear.
b) Gossiping Can Harm Innocent People
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Charles Surface, Maria, and Lady Teazle suffer because of gossip. This shows that words can be
just as harmful as actions. We should think before speaking about others.
c) True Character Matters More Than Reputation
The play ends with the good characters overcoming their difficulties and the deceitful ones getting
exposed. This shows that real character is more important than social reputation.
Conclusion
In School for Scandal, gossiping is more than just idle talk—it is a dangerous weapon that can
destroy lives. Sheridan uses humor and satire to highlight the hypocrisy of a society that thrives on
rumors. Through the characters’ experiences, we learn that gossip can lead to misunderstandings,
broken relationships, and betrayal.
However, the play also offers hope. In the end, truth triumphs over lies, proving that a good heart
is more valuable than a false reputation. School for Scandal remains relevant today, reminding us
to think before we speak and to avoid the toxic habit of spreading rumors.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) Explain the following dialogue with reference to context:
Did you give currency to the reports of the secret love-affair of Lady Brittle with Captain
Boastall".
(ii) Summarize the contents of Act I of the play.
(iii) Comment on the title of the play, School for Scandal.
Ans: (i) Explanation of the Dialogue:
“Did you give currency to the reports of the secret love-affair of Lady Brittle with Captain Boastall?"
Reference to Context
This dialogue is from School for Scandal, a play that revolves around gossip, false rumors, and
hypocrisy in high society. The line refers to how people in social circles spread rumors without
verifying them.
The term "give currency to the reports" means spreading or believing rumors. In this dialogue, the
speaker is questioning whether someone has been involved in spreading a false or scandalous
story about Lady Brittle and Captain Boastall.
Explanation
• The dialogue reflects the play’s main theme—the destructive power of gossip.
• It shows how people quickly believe in and spread scandalous stories without checking
facts.
• The names “Lady Brittle” and “Captain Boastall” are symbolic.
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o "Brittle" suggests that the woman’s reputation is fragile and easily broken by
rumors.
o "Boastall" suggests that the man might be someone who exaggerates or boasts
about false things.
• The question being asked highlights the double standards of society, where women’s
reputations are more vulnerable to gossip than men’s.
Real-Life Analogy
Think about social media today, where people quickly believe and share stories without verifying
their authenticity. Just like in the play, false rumors can ruin a person's reputation in minutes. This
shows that the theme of gossip in School for Scandal is still relevant in modern times.
(ii) Summarize the contents of Act I of the play.
Ans: (ii) Summary of Act I
Overview
Act I of School for Scandal sets the stage for the play by introducing the key characters and their
personalities. It also establishes the theme of gossip and deception, which plays a major role
throughout the story.
Characters Introduced in Act I
1. Lady Sneerwell – A wealthy widow who thrives on spreading gossip.
2. Snake – Lady Sneerwell’s accomplice, who helps her spread false rumors.
3. Sir Peter Teazle – An older man who has married a much younger woman, Lady Teazle.
4. Lady Teazle – Sir Peter’s young wife, who enjoys the pleasures of high society.
5. Joseph Surface – A hypocritical and cunning man who pretends to be virtuous.
6. Charles Surface – Joseph’s brother, who is good-hearted but considered reckless.
7. Maria – A kind and wealthy young woman, loved by both Joseph and Charles.
Main Events in Act I
Scene 1: Lady Sneerwell’s Drawing Room
• The play opens with Lady Sneerwell and Snake discussing their scheme to spread false
rumors.
• Lady Sneerwell confesses that she is interested in Charles Surface and wants to prevent his
marriage to Maria.
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• Snake helps Lady Sneerwell spread false gossip about Charles to make Maria doubt him.
Scene 2: Sir Peter and Lady Teazle’s Argument
• Sir Peter Teazle and Lady Teazle argue about money and social life.
• Lady Teazle, who was once innocent, is now influenced by high society’s love for luxury and
scandal.
• Sir Peter feels trapped in an unhappy marriage and regrets marrying a much younger
woman.
Scene 3: Joseph and Charles Surface’s Contrast
• Joseph Surface is introduced as a “moral” man who speaks against scandal but secretly
engages in deceitful behavior.
• Charles Surface, though irresponsible, is actually kind and generous.
• Maria loves Charles but is pressured to choose Joseph because society considers him more
respectable.
Significance of Act I
• Establishes the theme of gossip and hypocrisy.
• Introduces the main conflicts—Lady Sneerwell’s plot, Sir Peter’s marital troubles, and the
rivalry between Joseph and Charles.
• Creates suspense about how the false rumors will affect relationships.
(iii) Comment on the title of the play, School for Scandal.
Ans: (iii) Comment on the Title of the Play: School for Scandal
Meaning of the Title
The title School for Scandal is symbolic and satirical. It suggests that society is like a school where
people learn, practice, and teach gossip just like students learn subjects in a classroom. Instead of
focusing on morals and virtues, people in this “school” are trained in spreading rumors, creating
scandals, and destroying reputations.
Why is the Title Appropriate?
1. The Play Centers on Gossip and Scandal
o The characters spend their time spreading rumors, much like students learning a
new subject.
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o The group of gossipers, including Lady Sneerwell, Sir Benjamin Backbite, and Mrs.
Candour, behave like teachers educating others on how to create and enjoy
scandals.
2. The Hypocrisy of High Society
o The play exposes how high society pretends to be moral but actually enjoys
scandalous gossip.
o Joseph Surface, who acts like a respectable man, is actually deceitful and
manipulative.
3. Satire on Social Behavior
o Sheridan mocks how people delight in the misfortunes of others.
o The play shows how gossiping becomes a habit that people pass on to others, just
like a subject taught in school.
Extended Analysis of the Themes
1. Gossip as a Social Disease
• The play shows how gossip spreads like a disease, infecting everyone around it.
• Lady Sneerwell and Snake act like doctors of scandal, constantly creating new lies to
spread.
• Once a rumor is spread, it grows bigger and bigger, just like how a small spark can turn into
a fire.
2. Hypocrisy in Society
• The play criticizes people who pretend to be good while secretly doing bad things.
• Example: Joseph Surface preaches morality but tries to seduce Lady Teazle.
3. The Power of Truth
• In the end, truth triumphs over lies.
• Charles Surface, despite his flaws, is honest and kind, which wins him Maria’s love.
• Joseph’s hypocrisy is exposed, proving that fake goodness cannot last forever.
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4. (a) What happens in Act II of the play, School for Scandal? Describe in detail.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) What type of man is Mr. Snake ?
(ii) What type of man is Peter?
(iii) What scandalous stories are served by Mrs. Candour ?
Ans: (a). Detailed Explanation of Act II of School for Scandal
Introduction
Act II of School for Scandal by Richard Brinsley Sheridan continues the themes of gossip,
deception, and hypocrisy that were introduced in Act I. This act deepens the conflicts between the
characters and reveals their true natures through sharp dialogue and witty exchanges.
In this explanation, we will discuss:
1. A detailed summary of Act II
2. Analysis of the main themes
3. Character development
4. Relevance to real life
Act II: Scene-by-Scene Summary
Scene 1: Lady Sneerwell’s House – The Gossiping Circle
Introduction to the Scene
The act begins at Lady Sneerwell’s house, where a group of people has gathered to discuss the
latest scandals. This group includes:
• Lady Sneerwell – A wealthy widow who enjoys spreading false rumors.
• Mrs. Candour – A woman who pretends to dislike gossip but constantly spreads it.
• Sir Benjamin Backbite – A man who takes pleasure in making up malicious stories.
• Crabtree – Sir Benjamin’s uncle, who also enjoys gossip.
• Maria – A young woman who dislikes gossip and refuses to take part in it.
What Happens in the Scene?
• The group starts gossiping about different people in high society, discussing false affairs,
ruined reputations, and family disputes.
• Mrs. Candour pretends to be against gossip, saying she does not believe in spreading
rumors. However, she ends up sharing even more scandals.
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• Sir Benjamin Backbite and Crabtree enjoy making up ridiculous and exaggerated stories
about other people.
• Maria, who is in love with Charles Surface, disapproves of their behavior and tries to leave
the room. She finds gossip cruel and unnecessary.
• The group then starts talking about the Surface brothers—Joseph and Charles.
o They say Charles is reckless and immoral, which is partly true because he enjoys
drinking and gambling.
o However, they praise Joseph, calling him virtuous and respectable, even though he
is actually hypocritical and deceitful.
• Maria refuses to listen to these false accusations and leaves in frustration.
Analysis of the Scene
• Gossip is shown as a destructive force—people enjoy ruining others’ reputations without
any proof.
• Maria represents morality and truth—she refuses to participate in these conversations.
• Mrs. Candour is an example of double standards—she acts like she is against gossip but
enjoys spreading it.
• The audience sees how easily lies are accepted as truth in high society.
Scene 2: Sir Peter Teazle’s House – Marital Conflict
Introduction to the Scene
In this scene, we see a heated argument between Sir Peter Teazle and his young wife, Lady Teazle.
What Happens in the Scene?
• Sir Peter Teazle and Lady Teazle argue over money and lifestyle choices.
• Sir Peter complains that Lady Teazle has changed after marriage. She used to be innocent
and modest, but now she loves expensive clothes, social events, and gossip.
• Lady Teazle defends herself, saying that if she is going to live among the elite, she must act
like them.
• She mockingly suggests that she might as well become a part of the gossiping circle and
take a lover, like other women in high society.
• Sir Peter is frustrated—he truly loves Lady Teazle but feels that she no longer respects him.
• The scene ends with Lady Teazle storming off and Sir Peter regretting marrying a much
younger woman.
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Analysis of the Scene
• The theme of marriage and age difference – Sir Peter and Lady Teazle represent a couple
struggling with different lifestyles and expectations.
• Lady Teazle’s transformation – She was once innocent but has now adopted the habits of
high society.
• Sir Peter’s frustration – He loves Lady Teazle but feels like he cannot control her choices.
• The scene is both humorous and serious, showing the challenges of marriage in a world
obsessed with appearances and status.
Scene 3: Joseph Surface’s True Nature is Revealed
Introduction to the Scene
This scene shifts the focus to Joseph Surface, who pretends to be virtuous but is actually selfish
and manipulative.
What Happens in the Scene?
• Joseph meets with Maria and tries to convince her to marry him instead of Charles.
• Maria rejects Joseph, saying that she loves Charles and knows his heart is good despite his
flaws.
• Sir Peter enters and tells Joseph that he wants Maria to marry him (Joseph) instead of
Charles.
• Joseph acts humble and moral, but the audience knows that he is only pretending.
• After Sir Peter leaves, Lady Teazle arrives and starts flirting with Joseph.
• Joseph pretends to be virtuous and concerned about her marriage, but he actually enjoys
her attention.
Analysis of the Scene
• Joseph Surface is exposed as a hypocrite—he pretends to be noble, but he is trying to steal
Maria’s wealth and seduce Lady Teazle.
• Maria’s good judgment—she sees through Joseph’s deception and remains loyal to
Charles.
• Sir Peter is blind to Joseph’s true nature—he believes Joseph is honest and wants Maria to
marry him.
• Lady Teazle is tempted by high society’s corruption—she begins to flirt with Joseph despite
being married.
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Themes Highlighted in Act II
1. The Power of Gossip
• Gossip spreads quickly, ruining reputations.
• People enjoy hearing and spreading rumors, even if they are false.
• Maria stands against gossip, showing that morality still exists.
2. Hypocrisy in High Society
• Joseph pretends to be moral but acts dishonestly.
• Sir Benjamin and Crabtree spread fake stories for entertainment.
• Mrs. Candour acts innocent but enjoys gossiping.
3. Marriage and Social Pressure
• Sir Peter and Lady Teazle struggle with their marriage.
• Lady Teazle feels pressured to act like other high-society women.
• Sir Peter regrets marrying a younger woman.
Relevance to Real Life
1. Gossip and Social Media
• Just like in the play, today’s social media platforms spread rumors quickly.
• People often believe scandalous news without checking facts.
• Like Maria, we should think critically before believing rumors.
2. Hypocrisy in Society
• Many people pretend to be good but act dishonestly in private.
• Just like Joseph Surface, some people hide their selfish intentions behind a good image.
• We must be careful when judging others based on appearances.
3. Challenges in Marriage
• Sir Peter and Lady Teazle’s arguments show common marital struggles.
• Conflicts between traditional values and modern lifestyles exist even today.
• Mutual understanding and respect are important for a successful relationship.
Conclusion
Act II of School for Scandal deepens the plot by showing how gossip and hypocrisy shape people’s
lives. The act is filled with humor, drama, and social criticism.
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• The gossiping circle exposes the destructive nature of rumors.
• Sir Peter and Lady Teazle’s argument highlights issues in marriage.
• Joseph Surface’s true nature is revealed, proving that appearances can be deceiving.
Through this act, Sheridan mocks the superficiality of high society and teaches us that truth and
integrity are more valuable than reputation and pretense.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) What type of man is Mr. Snake ?
(ii) What type of man is Peter?
(iii) What scandalous stories are served by Mrs. Candour ?
Ans: Detailed Explanation of Short Answer Questions from School for Scandal
Introduction
School for Scandal by Richard Brinsley Sheridan is a famous English play that explores gossip,
hypocrisy, and deception in high society. The characters in the play represent different aspects of
human nature—some are genuinely good, while others are manipulative and deceitful.
In this explanation, we will discuss the following questions in detail:
1. What type of man is Mr. Snake?
2. What type of man is Sir Peter Teazle?
3. What scandalous stories are served by Mrs. Candour?
Each answer will be explained in a simple and easy-to-understand manner, with relevant examples
and comparisons to real-life situations.
(i) What type of man is Mr. Snake?
Introduction
Mr. Snake is a minor character in the play, but he plays a significant role in exposing the deceit and
manipulation of others. He is dishonest, greedy, and untrustworthy.
Character Traits of Mr. Snake
1. Deceitful and Two-Faced
• Mr. Snake pretends to be loyal to Lady Sneerwell, but in reality, he betrays her for money.
• He sells secrets to both sides, showing that he has no real loyalty.
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• Example: He is involved in spreading false rumors about Charles Surface to ruin his
reputation, yet he later exposes Lady Sneerwell’s schemes.
2. Greedy and Corrupt
• Mr. Snake is motivated by money, not morals.
• He works for Lady Sneerwell, helping her spread false gossip, but he is willing to switch
sides for a better offer.
• Example: When Sir Oliver Surface offers him money, he immediately confesses to helping
Lady Sneerwell, proving that he has no true loyalty.
3. Manipulative and Cunning
• Mr. Snake knows how to gain the trust of others while secretly working against them.
• He exploits the weakness of others, taking advantage of people who love gossip.
• Example: He helps Lady Sneerwell spread lies about Charles because he knows that people
will believe anything scandalous without checking the facts.
Mr. Snake in Real Life
• Modern Example: Mr. Snake is like someone who spreads false news on social media for
money or attention.
• Workplace Example: He represents employees who betray their company’s secrets to
competitors for personal gain.
Conclusion
Mr. Snake is a dishonest, greedy, and manipulative man who represents the dangers of gossip and
betrayal. He serves as a reminder that people who spread lies often have selfish motives.
(ii) What type of man is Sir Peter Teazle?
Introduction
Sir Peter Teazle is one of the most important characters in School for Scandal. He is an elderly,
wealthy man who has married a much younger woman, Lady Teazle.
Character Traits of Sir Peter Teazle
1. Kind-Hearted but Strict
• Sir Peter genuinely loves his wife, but he also wants her to behave according to his
expectations.
• He is strict and traditional, believing that young women should be modest and obedient.
• Example: He constantly argues with Lady Teazle about her expensive lifestyle, but he still
loves her deeply.
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2. Honest and Moral
• Unlike the gossiping crowd, Sir Peter believes in honesty and integrity.
• He dislikes people like Lady Sneerwell, Joseph Surface, and Mrs. Candour because they
thrive on rumors.
• Example: He refuses to believe bad things about Charles Surface because he judges people
based on their true character, not gossip.
3. Traditional and Old-Fashioned
• Sir Peter struggles to understand modern society and the behavior of young people.
• He does not like gossip and scandal, but he is surrounded by people who thrive on it.
• Example: He cannot control Lady Teazle, who wants to enjoy the pleasures of high society.
4. Jealous and Possessive
• Sir Peter is insecure about his marriage because he knows Lady Teazle is much younger
than him.
• He suspects that she might be unfaithful, especially when he finds her in Joseph Surface’s
house.
• Example: His jealousy makes him fall for Joseph’s lies, believing that Joseph is a good man.
Sir Peter Teazle in Real Life
• Marriage Example: He represents an older husband who struggles to understand his
younger wife’s modern lifestyle.
• Workplace Example: He is like a traditional boss who does not like the modern ways of
young employees but still tries to guide them.
Conclusion
Sir Peter Teazle is a kind but strict, traditional but moral, and jealous but loving man. His struggles
represent the generation gap in marriages and the difficulty of adapting to a changing society.
(iii) What scandalous stories are served by Mrs. Candour?
Introduction
Mrs. Candour is one of the biggest gossipers in the play. She pretends to hate gossip, but in reality,
she enjoys spreading rumors about everyone.
Scandalous Stories Spread by Mrs. Candour
1. Charles Surface is a Gambler and Drunkard
• Mrs. Candour exaggerates Charles’s behavior, making it seem worse than it is.
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• She claims that he wastes money, drinks too much, and has no morals.
• Reality: Charles does gamble, but he is actually a kind and generous person.
2. Joseph Surface is a Perfect Gentleman
• Mrs. Candour praises Joseph, saying that he is a man of high morals and virtue.
• She spreads false rumors that he is an honest and kind man.
• Reality: Joseph is a hypocrite who only pretends to be good.
3. Lady Teazle Has a Secret Affair
• Mrs. Candour suggests that Lady Teazle is having an affair, even though she has no proof.
• She enjoys creating drama, making others question Lady Teazle’s character.
• Reality: Lady Teazle flirts with Joseph but never actually cheats on Sir Peter.
4. Everyone in High Society is Having Affairs
• Mrs. Candour spreads rumors that many people in society are unfaithful.
• She gives false details about scandals and secret love affairs, even when they are not true.
• Reality: Many of these rumors are completely made up.
Mrs. Candour in Real Life
• Social Media Example: She represents people who spread fake news and rumors online.
• Office Gossip Example: She is like a co-worker who enjoys creating drama about others just
for entertainment.
Conclusion
Mrs. Candour is a two-faced gossip who pretends to dislike rumors but secretly enjoys ruining
reputations. She represents the dangers of false information and how people believe lies without
evidence.
SECTION-C
5. (a) "The characters in their play are types". Discuss the view about the play, School for
Scandal.
Ans: The Characters in School for Scandal Are Types
Introduction
School for Scandal by Richard Brinsley Sheridan is a famous comedy of manners that explores the
themes of gossip, hypocrisy, and deception in high society. The play is known for its rich and
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exaggerated characters, who are not just individuals but represent different types of people found
in society.
Sheridan creates characters that are not deeply complex or psychological; instead, they are
“types”—stereotypical figures that represent a particular personality trait or flaw. Some
characters symbolize gossip and scandal, while others represent virtue, honesty, or hypocrisy.
In this detailed discussion, we will explore how the characters in School for Scandal serve as types,
making the play a brilliant satire of society.
1. What Does It Mean That Characters Are “Types”?
In literature, when we say that characters are “types”, it means that they are not deeply
developed individuals but rather broad representations of human traits.
• Example: Instead of showing a person with many emotions and personal struggles, a “type”
character represents one dominant quality—like being extremely greedy, foolish, or
virtuous.
• Why It Works: In a satire like School for Scandal, these exaggerated types make fun of
society and expose its flaws in a humorous way.
Sheridan creates characters that represent common personalities we see in everyday life, such as:
1. The Gossip (e.g., Lady Sneerwell, Mrs. Candour)
2. The Hypocrite (e.g., Joseph Surface)
3. The Honest but Reckless Youth (e.g., Charles Surface)
4. The Traditional Old Man (e.g., Sir Peter Teazle)
5. The Social Climber (e.g., Lady Teazle)
2. Analysis of Major Characters as “Types”
(i) Lady Sneerwell – The Gossiping Villain
• Type: The scheming gossip who enjoys ruining reputations.
• Description: She is a wealthy widow who loves spreading false rumors about others to
create scandals.
• Example: She tries to destroy Charles Surface’s reputation by spreading lies about him so
that she can marry him.
• Real-Life Comparison: She is like people who spread fake news or create drama on social
media for personal gain.
(ii) Joseph Surface – The Hypocrite
• Type: The fake moralist who pretends to be good but is actually selfish.
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• Description: He presents himself as a kind, virtuous, and responsible man, but in reality, he
is greedy and dishonest.
• Example: He tries to marry Maria for her money and even flirts with Lady Teazle while
pretending to be her friend.
• Real-Life Comparison: He is like a person who acts like a saint in public but is corrupt in
private.
(iii) Charles Surface – The Carefree but Good-Hearted Man
• Type: The reckless but honest youth who enjoys life but has a good heart.
• Description: Charles is known for wasting money on drinking and gambling, but he is also
generous and kind.
• Example: Even though he is in debt, he refuses to sell his uncle’s portrait out of respect,
showing his good nature.
• Real-Life Comparison: He is like a young person who parties a lot but is kind-hearted and
loyal.
(iv) Sir Peter Teazle – The Traditional Old Man
• Type: The strict and conservative husband who struggles to control his young wife.
• Description: He is an old-fashioned man who believes in discipline and traditional values
but finds it hard to adjust to his wife’s modern lifestyle.
• Example: He constantly argues with Lady Teazle about her expensive tastes and gossiping
friends.
• Real-Life Comparison: He represents an elderly man who dislikes modern trends and
changes in society.
(v) Lady Teazle – The Social Climber
• Type: The young, fashionable wife who wants to enjoy the luxuries of high society.
• Description: She comes from a simple rural background but is now part of elite London
society and wants to live extravagantly.
• Example: She initially joins the gossiping circle but later realizes her mistakes and reforms
herself.
• Real-Life Comparison: She is like a young influencer who tries to fit into high society but
eventually understands that true happiness is not in material wealth.
(vi) Mrs. Candour – The Talkative Gossip
• Type: The well-meaning but foolish gossiper who spreads rumors without thinking.
• Description: She pretends to hate gossip, but she is actually the biggest gossip of all.
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• Example: She says things like, "I never believe half of what I hear, and I never tell half of
what I know." But in reality, she tells everything she hears.
• Real-Life Comparison: She is like a person who pretends to dislike rumors but loves
spreading them.
(vii) Sir Oliver Surface – The Wise Observer
• Type: The wise and just man who tests people to see their true character.
• Description: He disguises himself to test his nephews, Charles and Joseph, and finds out
who is truly honest.
• Example: He pretends to be a poor moneylender and sees that Charles is generous and
kind, while Joseph is greedy and fake.
• Real-Life Comparison: He is like a CEO who secretly tests his employees to see their real
attitudes.
3. Why Did Sheridan Use “Type” Characters?
(i) To Create Satire and Humor
• By exaggerating these characters, Sheridan makes fun of real-life behaviors.
• The audience laughs at the gossipers, hypocrites, and fools in the play because they remind
us of people we know.
(ii) To Make the Message Clear
• Instead of complicated characters with mixed emotions, Sheridan’s types make it easy to
see who is good and who is bad.
• This helps highlight the main themes: hypocrisy, deception, and morality.
(iii) To Make the Play More Entertaining
• The exaggerated personalities of the characters keep the audience engaged.
• People enjoy watching gossiping women, greedy men, and foolish husbands on stage
because they feel familiar.
4. Do These Types Still Exist Today?
Yes! Even though School for Scandal was written in the 18th century, these character types still
exist in modern society.
Character Type
Modern Equivalent
Lady Sneerwell (Gossiping Villain)
A social media influencer who spreads false news
for fame
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Character Type
Modern Equivalent
Joseph Surface (Hypocrite)
A politician who acts honest but is secretly
corrupt
Charles Surface (Good-Hearted but Reckless)
A rich young man who spends a lot but
is generous
Sir Peter Teazle (Traditional Old Man)
An old-fashioned father who dislikes
modern culture
Lady Teazle (Social Climber)
A young woman who tries to fit into
elite society
Mrs. Candour (Talkative Gossip)
A person who spreads WhatsApp
rumors without proof
Conclusion
The characters in School for Scandal are not just individuals; they are types that represent real-life
personalities. Sheridan uses them to create a satirical mirror of society, making us laugh while also
teaching an important lesson: Gossip, deception, and hypocrisy are timeless problems.
Even today, we can see these character types in our surroundings, proving that Sheridan’s play
remains relevant and entertaining across generations.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions
(i) Explain the following with reference to context:
"....I live by the badness of my character - I have nothing but my infamy to depend on! and, if it
were once known that I had been betrayed into an honest action, I should lose every friend I have
in the world"
(ii) How does scandalous gossip of scandal-mongers in Act V, scene II create humour in the play
(iii) In what ways does Sheridan use dramatic irony in the play? What effect does this have on the
audience?
Ans: Analysis of Key Aspects in School for Scandal
Introduction
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School for Scandal by Richard Brinsley Sheridan is a famous comedy of manners that satirizes
gossip, hypocrisy, and deception in high society. It is filled with witty dialogues, humorous
situations, and dramatic irony that make it both entertaining and thought-provoking.
This explanation will provide a detailed analysis of three important aspects of the play:
1. Reference to Context: The Meaning Behind a Key Quote
2. How Gossip Creates Humor in Act V, Scene II
3. Sheridan’s Use of Dramatic Irony and Its Effect on the Audience
(i) Explanation of the Quote: "I live by the badness of my character - I have nothing but my infamy
to depend on! and, if it were once known that I had been betrayed into an honest action, I should
lose every friend I have in the world."
1. Context of the Quote
This line is spoken by Snake, a minor but interesting character in School for Scandal. Snake is a
professional informant and scandal-spreader who helps Lady Sneerwell in her schemes to ruin
people’s reputations.
• Lady Sneerwell hires Snake to spread false rumors about Charles Surface so that Maria will
reject him.
• However, by the end of the play, Snake betrays Lady Sneerwell and reveals the truth about
her plot.
• After this, he speaks these lines, saying that his entire life depends on being dishonest.
2. Meaning of the Quote
Snake is saying that his career and survival depend on being dishonest and spreading lies. If people
find out that he has done an honest act, he will lose his reputation as a trusted liar among the
scandalous people of society.
This is a satirical and ironic statement because:
• In normal society, being honest is seen as good, and lying is seen as bad.
• But in the world of gossip and deception, people like Snake benefit from dishonesty.
• If he suddenly becomes honest, people like Lady Sneerwell will no longer trust him.
3. Why This Line is Important
• It highlights the corruption in high society, where people benefit from spreading lies rather
than telling the truth.
• It adds humor, as Snake’s complaint about honesty is the opposite of what people usually
say.
• It shows how deeply gossip and deception are embedded in the society that Sheridan
mocks.
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4. Real-Life Comparison
• Imagine a corrupt journalist who makes money by publishing fake news and scandals.
• If this journalist suddenly starts telling the truth, they might lose their job because people
only pay for sensational lies.
• This is exactly what Snake is experiencing—his career as a liar is at risk because he
accidentally told the truth!
(ii) How does scandalous gossip of scandal-mongers in Act V, scene II create humour in the play
Ans: (ii) How Scandalous Gossip Creates Humor in Act V, Scene II
1. What Happens in Act V, Scene II?
In this scene, the gossipers—Lady Sneerwell, Mrs. Candour, Crabtree, and Sir Benjamin Backbite—
are spreading rumors as usual. However, their gossip becomes ridiculous and contradictory,
making the audience laugh.
• They claim that Charles Surface and Joseph Surface have fought a duel—even though it
never happened!
• The story keeps changing as each person adds their own exaggerations.
• At one point, they even say that Sir Peter Teazle was killed, but then they contradict
themselves by saying he is alive but badly wounded!
2. Why is This Funny?
• Contradictions: The gossipers change their story so quickly that it becomes nonsense.
• Exaggeration: They turn a small misunderstanding into a dramatic scandal.
• Ignorance: They speak with so much confidence, even though they don’t know the facts.
This scene mocks people who love to gossip without checking the truth. It also shows how rumors
spread and change rapidly, making the play’s theme of deception and hypocrisy even stronger.
3. Real-Life Comparison
• Imagine a WhatsApp group where someone shares a fake news story.
• People keep forwarding it, adding their own opinions and assumptions.
• By the time the story reaches the 100th person, it is completely different from the original!
• This is exactly how the gossipers in the play behave, making their conversation hilarious.
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(iii) In what ways does Sheridan use dramatic irony in the play? What effect does this have on
the audience?
Ans: (iii) How Sheridan Uses Dramatic Irony in the Play & Its Effect on the Audience
1. What is Dramatic Irony?
Dramatic irony happens when the audience knows something that the characters do not. This
creates suspense and humor because we can see the truth while the characters remain clueless.
2. Examples of Dramatic Irony in School for Scandal
(i) The Truth About Joseph Surface
• Throughout the play, Joseph acts like a noble and virtuous man, but we (the audience)
know he is a hypocrite.
• When Sir Peter trusts Joseph and calls him a “man of sentiment”, the audience laughs
because we know Joseph is actually selfish and deceitful.
• This irony builds suspense because we want to see when and how the truth will be
revealed.
(ii) The Scene in Joseph’s House (Act IV, Scene III)
• Sir Peter hides behind a screen while Joseph flirts with Lady Teazle.
• Sir Peter believes that Joseph is an honest and moral man, so he has no idea that Joseph is
actually trying to seduce his wife.
• The audience, however, knows the truth, making the scene extremely funny.
• The moment when the truth is revealed, and Sir Peter is shocked, creates both comedy and
satisfaction for the audience.
(iii) Sir Oliver’s Disguise
• Sir Oliver Surface pretends to be a moneylender to test his nephews.
• The audience knows that he is not really a moneylender, but Charles and Joseph have no
idea.
• This creates a funny and suspenseful situation, as we see how both nephews react
differently—Joseph acts greedy, while Charles proves to be honest.
3. Effects of Dramatic Irony on the Audience
(i) It Makes the Play More Entertaining
• The audience enjoys watching characters struggle because they know something the
characters do not.
• The tension builds excitement as we wait for the truth to be revealed.
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(ii) It Highlights Hypocrisy
• Since we know Joseph Surface is a fraud, it is funny and ironic when other characters praise
him.
• This helps emphasize the play’s theme—that society is full of hypocrites who pretend to be
virtuous.
(iii) It Creates a Stronger Connection with the Audience
• The audience feels smarter than the characters because they have inside knowledge.
• This makes them more engaged in the story and eager to see what happens next.
Conclusion
Sheridan’s School for Scandal is a brilliant satire that uses gossip, humor, and irony to mock the
hypocrisy of high society.
• The quote by Snake highlights how dishonesty is rewarded in a corrupt world.
• The gossiping scene in Act V, Scene II creates humor by showing how rumors get
exaggerated and distorted.
• Dramatic irony makes the play more entertaining and helps expose the truth about
hypocrisy in society.
Even today, these themes remain relevant, as gossip, deception, and hypocrisy still exist in modern
social circles and media. This is what makes School for Scandal a timeless comedy that continues
to entertain audiences across generations.
6. (a) "The screen scene is Sheridan's greatest triumph". Analyse this scene and account for its
success.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(1) How do names play a role in a reader or audience member's understanding of the play, School
for Scandal ? Choose one or two names and give specific examples of how they are used.
(ii) In the play, School for Scandal, does the revelation of truth and dispelling of rumours lead to
positive or negative outcomes? What moral do you think Sheridan means to convey about truth?
(iii) How do women characters contribute to the social problems in the play, School for Scandal ?
Ans: (a). Analysis of the Screen Scene in School for Scandal
Introduction
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One of the most famous and entertaining moments in Richard Brinsley Sheridan’s School for
Scandal is the Screen Scene, which takes place in Act IV, Scene III. This scene is considered
Sheridan’s greatest triumph because it combines drama, humor, mistaken identities, and irony in a
brilliant way.
• The scene is full of suspense and excitement, keeping the audience engaged.
• It also exposes the hypocrisy of Joseph Surface, one of the central characters.
• The unexpected twist when Lady Teazle is discovered hiding behind the screen adds shock
and amusement.
This explanation will analyze why this scene is so successful, covering its plot, humor, dramatic
irony, and impact on the audience.
1. What Happens in the Screen Scene?
The Screen Scene takes place in Joseph Surface’s house. Several characters are involved, and each
of them has a different goal, leading to misunderstandings and confusion.
Main Characters in the Scene
• Joseph Surface – A hypocrite who pretends to be moral but is actually deceitful.
• Charles Surface – His honest but reckless younger brother.
• Sir Peter Teazle – An older man who suspects his wife is unfaithful.
• Lady Teazle – Sir Peter’s wife, who is secretly meeting Joseph.
• Sir Oliver Surface – The uncle who is disguised to test his nephews.
Key Events in the Scene
1. Lady Teazle Hides Behind the Screen
o Joseph Surface and Lady Teazle are alone in Joseph’s house.
o Lady Teazle is flirting with Joseph, but she is still unsure about cheating on her
husband.
o Suddenly, they hear Sir Peter Teazle approaching.
o To avoid being seen, Lady Teazle hides behind a large screen in the room.
2. Sir Peter Teazle Enters & Praises Joseph
o Sir Peter does not know that his wife is behind the screen.
o He confides in Joseph, saying that he trusts him completely and even wants his
advice!
o He also complains about his wife, not realizing that she is listening behind the
screen.
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o The audience finds this ironic and amusing because we know the truth, but Sir Peter
does not.
3. Charles Surface’s Arrival & The Bet
o Charles Surface arrives, and Sir Peter asks if he has a mistress.
o Charles jokingly bets that there is a woman behind the screen.
o Joseph panics because Lady Teazle is actually there.
o Charles, thinking Joseph is hiding a woman for romantic reasons, pulls down the
screen.
4. Lady Teazle’s Embarrassing Discovery
o When the screen falls, Lady Teazle is exposed.
o Sir Peter is shocked and furious because it looks like his wife was hiding to meet
Joseph in secret.
o Lady Teazle, completely embarrassed, begs for forgiveness.
o This moment creates both comedy and drama, making it one of the most exciting
parts of the play.
2. Why is the Screen Scene Sheridan’s Greatest Triumph?
The Screen Scene is Sheridan’s greatest achievement because it combines several dramatic
elements that make it unforgettable.
(i) Brilliant Use of Dramatic Irony
• Dramatic irony occurs when the audience knows something that the characters do not.
• In this scene, the audience knows that Lady Teazle is behind the screen, but Sir Peter does
not.
• Sir Peter trusts Joseph completely, not realizing that Joseph was flirting with his wife just
moments before.
• This makes his praise of Joseph seem foolish, making the audience laugh at his
misunderstanding.
Example from Real Life:
Imagine a teacher praising a student for being honest, not knowing that the student just cheated
on a test. The audience would find it both funny and ironic, just like Sir Peter’s misplaced trust in
Joseph.
(ii) Fast-Paced and Engaging Action
• The scene is full of movement and surprises.
• Characters keep entering at the wrong moments, creating confusion and excitement.
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• The way the screen falls and Lady Teazle is revealed is a dramatic turning point.
Why This Works:
• In comedy, unexpected surprises create humor.
• The timing of events makes the audience anticipate what will happen next.
(iii) Exposure of Hypocrisy
• Throughout the play, Joseph pretends to be virtuous while secretly being selfish and
deceitful.
• The Screen Scene exposes his true nature in front of multiple characters.
• This is satisfying for the audience because it reveals the truth about him.
Example from Real Life:
Imagine a politician who always speaks about honesty and morality but is secretly involved in
corruption. When the truth comes out, people feel satisfied because the hypocrite has been
exposed.
(iv) A Perfect Mix of Comedy and Drama
• The scene is hilarious because of the misunderstandings and dramatic irony.
• However, it also has serious consequences:
o Sir Peter’s marriage is in trouble because he now doubts his wife.
o Lady Teazle realizes her mistake and feels guilty.
o Joseph’s reputation is damaged, leading to his downfall later in the play.
This balance of comedy and serious themes makes the scene more meaningful than just a simple
joke.
3. Impact of the Scene on the Audience
(i) Creates Laughter and Suspense
• The audience laughs at Sir Peter’s ignorance and Joseph’s panic.
• At the same time, they feel tense and excited, waiting to see what happens when the
screen falls.
(ii) Satisfies the Audience’s Desire for Justice
• The play punishes hypocrisy and rewards honesty.
• When Joseph’s lies are exposed, the audience feels happy because justice is served.
(iii) Strengthens the Play’s Themes
• The Screen Scene highlights the play’s main themes:
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o The danger of gossip and scandal
o The contrast between true virtue and false morality
o The consequences of deception
These themes are still relevant today, making the play timeless and enjoyable.
Conclusion
The Screen Scene in School for Scandal is Sheridan’s greatest triumph because it:
• Uses dramatic irony to create humor.
• Exposes hypocrisy, making the audience feel satisfied.
• Has fast-paced action and unexpected twists, keeping viewers engaged.
• Mixes comedy with serious consequences, making it more impactful.
Even in modern times, the themes of scandal, deception, and reputation are still relevant, making
this scene a masterpiece of theatrical comedy. This is why it remains one of the most famous and
celebrated moments in English drama.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(1) How do names play a role in a reader or audience member's understanding of the play, School
for Scandal ? Choose one or two names and give specific examples of how they are used.
(ii) In the play, School for Scandal, does the revelation of truth and dispelling of rumours lead to
positive or negative outcomes? What moral do you think Sheridan means to convey about truth?
(iii) How do women characters contribute to the social problems in the play, School for Scandal ?
Ans: (1) How Do Names Play a Role in Understanding the Play?
Sheridan uses symbolic names to give the audience an idea of each character’s personality. These
names are often exaggerated and humorous, making it easy to guess whether a character is good
or bad.
Example 1: Lady Sneerwell
• The name “Sneerwell” is a combination of:
o "Sneer" – meaning to mock or insult someone.
o "Well" – suggesting she does this often and successfully.
• Lady Sneerwell is a gossip-loving woman who spreads false rumors about others.
• She enjoys ruining people’s reputations for fun.
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• Her name immediately tells the audience that she is not a good person.
Real-Life Analogy: Imagine a person named Mr. Liesmore or Mrs. Rumorstone—just by hearing
their name, you would suspect that they are dishonest!
Example 2: Joseph Surface
• The name “Surface” suggests that Joseph only appears moral and good on the outside.
• In reality, he is hypocritical and selfish.
• He pretends to be a gentleman but secretly tries to seduce Lady Teazle.
Why This Matters:
• The audience quickly understands the true nature of the characters through their names.
• This helps increase the humor and irony in the play.
• It also shows Sheridan’s clever use of language to criticize fake morality.
(ii) In the play, School for Scandal, does the revelation of truth and dispelling of rumours lead to
positive or negative outcomes? What moral do you think Sheridan means to convey about
truth?
Ans: (2) Does the Revelation of Truth Lead to Positive or Negative Outcomes?
In School for Scandal, revealing the truth leads to both positive and negative outcomes. However,
in the end, the play suggests that truth is important and should be valued over lies.
Positive Outcomes of Revealing the Truth
1. Joseph Surface’s Hypocrisy is Exposed
o Throughout the play, Joseph pretends to be good and moral.
o But in the Screen Scene, his true nature is revealed.
o As a result, he loses his reputation and is humiliated.
o This is a positive outcome because it shows that justice is served.
2. Lady Teazle Learns a Lesson
o Lady Teazle realizes her mistake after the screen scene.
o She reconciles with her husband, Sir Peter, and decides to change her behavior.
o This proves that accepting the truth can lead to personal growth.
Negative Outcomes of Revealing the Truth
1. Rumors Damage People’s Reputations
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o Even though Charles Surface is actually kind-hearted, he is criticized and judged
because of false rumors.
o This shows that people are quick to believe lies before knowing the truth.
2. Sir Peter Teazle is Emotionally Hurt
o When he finds out about Lady Teazle’s meeting with Joseph, he is heartbroken and
humiliated.
o Even though Lady Teazle was not having an affair, the situation still causes
emotional pain.
Sheridan’s Moral Message About Truth
Sheridan suggests that truth is important, but it should not be used to hurt or manipulate others.
• Lies and deception cause more harm than truth.
• However, people must be careful about spreading rumors, as falsehoods can ruin innocent
lives.
(iii) How do women characters contribute to the social problems in the play, School for Scandal ?
Ans: (3) How Do Women Characters Contribute to the Social Problems in the Play?
Women in School for Scandal play an important role in spreading gossip and creating social
problems.
(i) Lady Sneerwell – The Queen of Gossip
• Lady Sneerwell deliberately spreads false stories about others.
• She does this not for money or revenge, but simply for entertainment and power.
• She enjoys controlling people’s reputations and causing conflict.
• Without her, many of the scandals in the play would not exist.
Real-Life Analogy: Imagine a person who spreads rumors on social media to create drama and gain
attention. This is exactly what Lady Sneerwell does in the play!
(ii) Mrs. Candour – The Innocent-Looking Gossip
• Mrs. Candour pretends to be kind and caring, but she actually spreads rumors just like Lady
Sneerwell.
• She always says she hates gossip, but then she repeats everything she hears.
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• She represents people who unknowingly contribute to social problems by spreading
information without verifying the facts.
Real-Life Analogy: Imagine someone who says, "I don't like to gossip, but did you hear what
happened?" and then proceeds to spread false information.
(iii) Lady Teazle – A Woman Caught in Society’s Expectations
• Lady Teazle is influenced by the high-society women and starts behaving like them.
• She participates in gossip and flirting because she wants to fit in.
• However, she realizes her mistake by the end of the play and decides to change.
What This Shows:
• Women in the play are both victims and creators of social problems.
• Some, like Lady Sneerwell, actively create scandals, while others, like Lady Teazle, get
caught up in the culture.
• Sheridan criticizes how gossip and social expectations can negatively influence women’s
behavior.
SECTION-D
7. (a) Discuss the theme of the novel, Untouchable.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) What purpose does Sohini's assault serve in Untouchable ? Why did Anand think it important to
include her assault in the novel?
(ii) Though, a serious and at times tragic work, Untouchable is also known for its comedy. Analyse
several instances Anand uses comedy in the novel.
(iii) How does Bakha go around asking for food?
Ans: (a). Theme of the Novel Untouchable
Introduction
*Mulk Raj Anand’s novel Untouchable (1935) is a powerful story about the life of Bakha, a young
sweeper in colonial India. The novel highlights the cruelty of the caste system, social
discrimination, and the struggle for dignity faced by people from the so-called "untouchable"
caste. Through Bakha’s experiences, Anand exposes the harsh realities of caste-based oppression
and questions the unfair treatment of marginalized communities.
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The novel is centered around one day in Bakha’s life, during which he faces humiliation, injustice,
and hope for change. By telling the story through Bakha’s perspective, Anand makes the reader
feel the deep pain and suffering of untouchables while also offering possible solutions for a better
society.
In this explanation, we will discuss the major themes of the novel, including:
1. The Caste System and Social Discrimination
2. Poverty and Exploitation
3. Loss of Dignity and Struggle for Identity
4. The Role of Religion and Social Reform
5. Hope for Change
1. The Caste System and Social Discrimination
The caste system is the most dominant theme in Untouchable. In traditional Indian society, people
were divided into different castes, and those born into the lowest caste were called
"untouchables". They were forced to do menial and unclean jobs, such as sweeping streets and
cleaning latrines.
Bakha’s Experience of Discrimination
• Bakha, the protagonist, is a sweeper boy who is treated as impure and untouchable by the
upper-caste people.
• He is not allowed to touch or even come close to higher-caste individuals. If he does, they
consider themselves polluted and demand purification rituals.
• He must announce his presence by shouting, "Posh, posh, sweeper coming!" so that upper-
caste people can move away from him.
Example from the Novel
In one incident, Bakha accidentally touches a high-caste Hindu man in the marketplace. The man
reacts with extreme anger, calling Bakha “polluted” and hitting him. This moment shows the
cruelty of untouchability and how deeply ingrained it was in society.
Real-Life Analogy
Imagine a situation where a child is bullied and excluded just because of their family background.
They are forced to sit separately, are not allowed to enter certain places, and are constantly
reminded that they are inferior. This is exactly what Bakha experiences throughout the novel.
2. Poverty and Exploitation
Bakha and his family are not only socially discriminated against but also economically exploited.
They do the hardest and most degrading work but receive little or no money.
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• Bakha works as a sweeper in the town but is not paid a salary. Instead, he has to collect
food as leftovers from upper-caste households.
• His father, Lakha, also works as a sweeper and suffers from the same humiliation and
poverty.
Example from the Novel
In one scene, Bakha goes to collect food from an upper-caste home. Instead of handing it to him,
the woman throws the food on the ground, treating him like an animal.
Why This is Important
• The novel shows that untouchables were not only treated unfairly but also kept in extreme
poverty.
• They had no way to escape their social position, as they were denied education and better
jobs.
3. Loss of Dignity and Struggle for Identity
Bakha wants respect and dignity, but society constantly reminds him that he is inferior. He
admires the British, their way of dressing, and their manners, believing that adopting their culture
might make him more acceptable. However, this does not change how society sees him.
Example from the Novel
• Bakha wears second-hand British clothes, hoping that it will make people respect him.
• He dreams of becoming like the British soldiers he admires, but deep down, he knows that
nothing will change his status.
• This creates a feeling of hopelessness and identity crisis in Bakha.
Real-Life Analogy
Imagine a person who tries to fit into a group by changing their appearance and behavior, but they
are still treated as an outsider. This is what Bakha experiences in his struggle for dignity.
4. The Role of Religion and Social Reform
The novel also explores how religion and reformers react to the problem of untouchability.
Towards the end of the novel, Bakha listens to three different views on how his situation might
improve:
1. The Hindu Priest’s View
o The priest tells Bakha that untouchability is part of divine law and that he must
accept it.
o This represents the traditional view that supports caste-based discrimination.
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2. The Mahatma Gandhi Speech
o Bakha hears Gandhi’s speech, in which he condemns untouchability and calls
untouchables “Harijans” (Children of God).
o Gandhi suggests that Hindus must change their attitude and treat untouchables
with respect.
3. The Modernist’s View
o A man named Iqbal Nath Sarshar tells Bakha that the real solution is modernization
and flush toilets.
o If there are modern toilets, sweepers will no longer have to clean human waste,
and untouchability will naturally disappear.
5. Hope for Change
Although Bakha’s day is filled with humiliation, the novel ends on a note of hope. He hears new
ideas that suggest his suffering may not last forever.
Why This Ending is Important
• Anand does not give a clear answer on how untouchability should end, but he presents
different solutions.
• The novel encourages the reader to think about social change and whether it should come
from religion, political leaders, or modern technology.
Real-Life Connection
Even today, social discrimination exists in many forms, and the fight for equality and dignity
continues. Anand’s message is still relevant—change is possible, but it requires effort from the
whole society.
Conclusion
*Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable is a novel that exposes the cruelty of the caste system and the
suffering of untouchables. Through Bakha’s painful experiences, Anand highlights:
• The injustice of caste-based discrimination.
• The deep poverty and exploitation of untouchables.
• The struggle for dignity and identity.
• The role of religion, reformers, and modernization in social change.
• The hope for a better future.
By focusing on one day in the life of a sweeper, Anand makes the reader feel both the helplessness
and the possibility of change. The novel remains a powerful call for social justice and equality,
making it an important piece of Indian literature.
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(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) What purpose does Sohini's assault serve in Untouchable ? Why did Anand think it important to
include her assault in the novel?
(ii) Though, a serious and at times tragic work, Untouchable is also known for its comedy. Analyse
several instances Anand uses comedy in the novel.
(iii) How does Bakha go around asking for food?
Ans: (i) What purpose does Sohini's assault serve in Untouchable? Why did Anand think it
important to include her assault in the novel?
Sohini’s assault is one of the most significant events in Untouchable. It serves both a narrative and
thematic purpose, highlighting the exploitation of women, the hypocrisy of the upper caste, and
the helplessness of the untouchables.
1. Exposing the Hypocrisy of the Upper Caste
• Sohini, Bakha’s sister, is sexually harassed by Pandit Kalinath, a temple priest.
• The priest pretends to be a holy man, but in reality, he abuses his power to exploit a
vulnerable woman.
• When Sohini defends herself, the priest falsely accuses her of polluting him by touching
him, which shows how upper-caste people use religion as a tool for oppression.
Example from the Novel
Sohini goes to fetch water from the well, where upper-caste men do not allow untouchables to
take water themselves. Later, when she is sent to clean the temple, Pandit Kalinath tries to molest
her. When she resists, he immediately shouts that she has polluted him and gathers a crowd to
humiliate her.
2. Showing the Helplessness of Untouchables
• Bakha wants to punish the priest for what he did to Sohini, but he knows he cannot fight
against the powerful upper-caste men.
• This incident makes Bakha feel more frustrated and powerless, reinforcing how
untouchables are oppressed in every aspect of life—socially, economically, and even
physically.
3. Anand’s Purpose in Including the Assault
• To highlight gender-based oppression – Sohini’s situation represents the double oppression
faced by lower-caste women: as untouchables and as women.
• To expose the true nature of caste discrimination – The priests and religious figures, who
should be moral guides, are often the ones abusing their power.
• To create a turning point in the novel – After this event, Bakha realizes the extent of
injustice in society and becomes even more aware of his status.
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Real-Life Analogy
Imagine a poor worker being mistreated by a rich employer, and when they try to defend
themselves, the employer blames them for wrongdoing instead. This is exactly what happens to
Sohini in the novel.
(ii) Though, a serious and at times tragic work, Untouchable is also known for its comedy.
Analyse several instances Anand uses comedy in the novel.
Ans: (ii) Though a serious and at times tragic work, Untouchable is also known for its comedy.
Analyse several instances Anand uses comedy in the novel.
Even though Untouchable deals with serious themes like caste discrimination, poverty, and
exploitation, Anand skillfully includes moments of humor to make the story more engaging. These
comic moments lighten the mood while also exposing the absurdity of social customs.
1. Bakha’s Imitation of the British
• Bakha loves to dress like British soldiers because he believes it makes him look more
respectable.
• He wears an old, oversized military coat and walks in a manner that he thinks looks “smart
and English”.
• However, others see this as funny and ridiculous because, no matter how he dresses, he is
still treated as an untouchable.
Why This is Funny
It highlights Bakha’s innocence and his belief that just changing his clothes and manners can make
him equal to the British. But society does not care about appearance—it only sees his caste.
2. The Hypocrisy of the Upper Caste
• Upper-caste people refuse to touch untouchables, but they happily use the services
provided by them (such as cleaning toilets).
• One funny moment in the novel is when a Brahmin man gets angry at Bakha for
accidentally brushing against him, yet the same Brahmin has no problem using the toilet
Bakha has just cleaned.
Why This is Funny
This is an example of situational irony—upper-caste people claim untouchables are impure, but
they depend on them for their daily needs.
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3. Bakha’s Interaction with Ram Charan’s Mother
• At one point, Bakha meets Ram Charan’s mother, who is known for her loud and bossy
nature.
• She shouts at her family members and is always complaining, making her a comic character
in the novel.
• She tells Bakha’s father that he must marry Sohini off soon, acting as if she is a social
reformer while doing nothing to change their conditions.
Why This is Funny
Her loud, exaggerated behavior makes her seem more like a caricature than a real person, and her
advice is hypocritical because she does not actually help the untouchables.
Conclusion
Anand uses humor to criticize caste discrimination and social hypocrisy. These moments of
comedy do not take away from the novel’s serious message but instead make the injustice even
clearer.
(iii) How does Bakha go around asking for food?
Ans: (iii) How does Bakha go around asking for food?
Because of his untouchable status, Bakha cannot buy food from shops or touch anything that
belongs to high-caste people. Instead, he must beg for food in a specific way.
1. The Custom of Begging for Food
• Lower-caste people, like Bakha, are not allowed inside the houses of upper-caste people.
• He must wait outside the house and shout to announce his presence.
• If the house owner wishes to give food, they will throw it on the ground instead of handing
it to him.
2. Example from the Novel
• Bakha goes to a house and politely asks for food.
• The woman inside is busy and forgets about him, so he waits for a long time.
• When she finally remembers, she is angry and throws the food at him, treating him like an
animal.
3. The Humiliation of Begging for Food
• Food is not given with respect, but thrown on the ground, as if Bakha is not worthy of
receiving it like a human being.
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• If he accidentally touches the food, it is considered polluted, and the upper-caste people
will refuse to eat it.
• This experience makes Bakha feel deeply ashamed and frustrated.
4. Why This is Important
• It shows how even the basic need for food is controlled by caste rules.
• It highlights the inhuman treatment of untouchables—they are forced to beg even when
they work hard.
• It makes Bakha realize that the caste system affects every part of his life, from his work to
his survival.
Conclusion
Through these three short questions, we see how Untouchable is not just a novel about caste
discrimination—it also highlights gender oppression, social hypocrisy, and the daily struggles of
untouchables.
• Sohini’s assault shows the hypocrisy of religious leaders and the double oppression of
lower-caste women.
• The humor in the novel adds depth to the story, making the absurdity of caste rules even
clearer.
• Bakha’s way of asking for food demonstrates how untouchables were denied basic human
dignity.
Mulk Raj Anand’s novel remains a powerful critique of injustice, making the reader question the
inhumanity of caste-based discrimination.
8.(a) Discuss plot construction in Anand's Untouchable.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) In Untouchable, Bakha is constantly day-dreaming and falling into trances-like states. What
roles do his dreams and trances play in the novel?
(ii) Describe Bakha as ideal Brother and worthy son.
(iii) What does the city represent to Bakha in Untouchable?
Ans: (a). Plot Construction in Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable
Introduction
Mulk Raj Anand’s novel Untouchable is a powerful and moving story about caste discrimination in
India. The novel’s plot construction is simple yet highly effective, following a single day in the life
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of Bakha, an untouchable boy. Despite covering just one day, the novel presents a deep and
realistic picture of social injustice, human suffering, and the harsh reality of untouchability.
The plot is linear, meaning it moves straight from one event to the next without complex subplots.
However, within this simple structure, Anand expertly builds tension and emotion, keeping the
reader engaged.
Structure of the Plot
The plot of Untouchable can be divided into three main sections:
1. Exposition (Beginning) – Introduction of Bakha and his world
2. Rising Action (Middle) – Series of humiliations and conflicts
3. Climax and Conclusion (End) – Bakha’s realization and hope for change
1. Exposition (Beginning of the Novel)
The novel opens with a description of Bakha’s life and surroundings.
• Bakha is a young boy who works as a sweeper in a town in colonial India.
• He belongs to the lowest caste and is treated as an untouchable by the upper-caste Hindus.
• He is ambitious and dreams of a better life. He admires the British way of dressing and
living, hoping it will bring him respect.
Example of Character Introduction
Bakha is introduced as strong and hardworking, but he feels ashamed of his job. He wants to be
treated like other people but is constantly reminded of his low status.
This introduction helps the reader understand Bakha’s struggles, setting the stage for the events
that follow.
2. Rising Action (Middle of the Novel)
The middle part of the novel is filled with a series of incidents that highlight Bakha’s humiliation
and struggles.
Incident 1: Bakha Accidentally Touches a High-Caste Hindu
• While walking in the street, Bakha accidentally brushes against a high-caste man.
• The man shouts and abuses Bakha, claiming he has been polluted.
• A crowd gathers, and Bakha is humiliated and beaten.
Significance:
• This scene shows how untouchables are treated as less than human.
• Even an accidental touch is considered pollution by upper-caste people.
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Incident 2: Sohini’s Assault by the Priest
• Bakha’s sister, Sohini, is sent to fetch water from the well.
• A temple priest, Pandit Kalinath, tries to molest her.
• When she resists, he accuses her of polluting him instead.
• Bakha is furious but feels powerless to take revenge.
Significance:
• This event exposes the hypocrisy of religious figures.
• It also highlights the double oppression faced by untouchable women—as lower-caste
individuals and as females.
Incident 3: Bakha’s Humiliation While Begging for Food
• Since untouchables are not allowed to touch food directly, Bakha must beg for leftovers
from upper-caste houses.
• A woman throws food at him instead of handing it to him.
• This deepens his sense of humiliation and hopelessness.
Significance:
• Shows how untouchables are denied basic dignity.
• Demonstrates the cruelty of the caste system, where even food is given in a dehumanizing
way.
3. Climax and Conclusion (End of the Novel)
After experiencing repeated humiliations, Bakha goes through three encounters that shape his
thinking about how to escape untouchability.
Encounter 1: Meeting with the Christian Missionary
• A Christian missionary tries to convert Bakha to Christianity, promising equality and love.
• However, Bakha does not fully understand or accept the religion.
• He feels that conversion is not the solution to his problems.
Significance:
• Shows how religion is used as a tool to attract the oppressed, but it does not necessarily
change their reality.
Encounter 2: Listening to Mahatma Gandhi’s Speech
• Bakha hears Mahatma Gandhi speaking about untouchability and its need for abolition.
• Gandhi says that untouchability is a social evil and that all humans are equal.
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• This gives Bakha hope for change.
Significance:
• Highlights Gandhi’s role in fighting against untouchability.
• Gives Bakha a new sense of self-worth.
Encounter 3: The Modern Thinker’s Perspective
• Bakha meets a modern Indian poet who believes that the real solution to untouchability is
modernization.
• He suggests that installing flush toilets will remove the need for manual scavenging, which
will automatically end discrimination against sweepers.
Significance:
• Introduces a practical solution to caste discrimination.
• Shows that technological progress can help solve social problems.
Final Realization
At the end of the novel, Bakha does not find an immediate solution, but he gains hope that change
is possible.
Features of the Plot Construction
1. Simple and Linear Structure
o The novel follows a single day in Bakha’s life, making it easy to follow.
o The events happen one after another, showing his gradual realization of his
condition.
2. Realistic and Detailed Description
o Anand gives a vivid and realistic description of Bakha’s environment, his emotions,
and his struggles.
o The reader feels connected to Bakha’s pain and humiliation.
3. Use of Symbolism
o The flush toilet symbolizes modernization and hope for change.
o Bakha’s British clothes represent his desire to escape his identity as an
untouchable.
4. Emotional Impact
o The novel is filled with emotions—anger, frustration, hope, and despair.
o The reader feels sympathy for Bakha and understands the cruelty of the caste
system.
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Conclusion
The plot construction of Untouchable is simple yet highly effective. Anand uses a single day in
Bakha’s life to highlight the struggles of untouchables. Each event adds to the theme of social
injustice, leading to Bakha’s final realization that change is possible.
Through powerful incidents, realistic storytelling, and emotional depth, Untouchable presents a
strong critique of caste discrimination, making the reader question the inhumanity of the system.
Despite its tragic elements, the novel ends with a sense of hope, showing that change is possible
through awareness and modernization.
(b) Answer the following short answer type questions:
(i) In Untouchable, Bakha is constantly day-dreaming and falling into trances-like states. What
roles do his dreams and trances play in the novel?
(ii) Describe Bakha as ideal Brother and worthy son.
(iii) What does the city represent to Bakha in Untouchable?
Ans: (i) In Untouchable, Bakha is constantly daydreaming and falling into trance-like states.
What roles do his dreams and trances play in the novel?
Bakha, the protagonist of Untouchable, is often lost in daydreams and trance-like states.
These dreams serve several important purposes in the novel.
1. Escape from Harsh Reality
• Bakha’s life is full of humiliation and suffering because of his caste.
• His dreams help him temporarily escape the cruel reality of being an untouchable.
• For example, he imagines himself wearing British clothes and living like an
Englishman, which makes him feel superior.
2. Expression of His Desires
• Bakha admires the British way of life—their dress, language, and lifestyle.
• His dreams show his longing for dignity and respect, which he does not receive in
real life.
• He fantasizes about being accepted by high-caste people, showing his deep wish for
equality.
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3. Symbol of Hope and Change
• His dreams are not just fantasies but also a sign of his dissatisfaction with his current
life.
• They suggest that he wants change and is looking for a way out of his miserable
condition.
4. Contrast Between Reality and Fantasy
• The novel constantly contrasts Bakha’s dreams with his actual life.
• He dreams of being respected, but in reality, he is insulted and beaten.
• This contrast highlights the cruelty of the caste system and makes the reader
sympathize with Bakha.
Conclusion
Bakha’s dreams and trances help the reader understand his inner world. They show his pain,
desires, and hopes. While reality treats him cruelly, his dreams keep his spirit alive, making
him a tragic yet relatable character.
(ii) Describe Bakha as an ideal brother and worthy son.
Bakha is a loving and responsible family member despite the difficulties of his life.
1. An Ideal Brother
• Bakha deeply cares for his sister, Sohini.
• When Sohini is molested by the temple priest, Bakha feels enraged but is unable to
take revenge due to his powerless position in society.
• He also tries to protect her from hardships by taking responsibility for most of the
household duties.
2. A Worthy Son
• Bakha is dutiful and hardworking, taking over his father’s job as a sweeper.
• Even though he dislikes the work, he does not disobey his father, showing his respect
and sense of duty.
• When his father scolds and beats him, Bakha does not argue or fight back, showing
his patience and obedience.
• He worries about his family's suffering and tries his best to lessen their burdens.
3. Self-Sacrificing Nature
• Bakha often sacrifices his own comfort for his family.
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• Despite his humiliation, he continues working as a sweeper because he knows that
his family depends on him.
• He dreams of a better life not just for himself but also for his family.
Conclusion
Bakha’s love, sacrifice, and sense of duty make him an ideal brother and a worthy son. He
represents the silent suffering of untouchables, who love and care for their families despite
their own hardships.
(iii) What does the city represent to Bakha in Untouchable?
The city in Untouchable represents both hope and oppression for Bakha.
1. A Place of Humiliation
• The city is where Bakha faces the worst discrimination.
• He is beaten and insulted for accidentally touching a high-caste man.
• He begs for food and is treated like a filthy outcast.
• His sister Sohini is assaulted by the temple priest, showing the city's cruelty towards
the weak.
2. A Place of Attraction
• Despite its cruelty, the city fascinates Bakha.
• He is drawn to British soldiers, modern buildings, and new ideas.
• He admires the way the British dress and behave, thinking they are superior to
Indians because they do not believe in untouchability.
3. A Symbol of Change and Modernization
• Bakha hears about modern technology, like flush toilets, which could end
untouchability by eliminating the need for manual scavenging.
• He listens to Gandhi’s speech, which gives him hope for social reform.
• He meets a modern thinker who believes that science and progress will end caste
discrimination.
Conclusion
For Bakha, the city is both a source of pain and a source of hope. It crushes him with
discrimination but also gives him new ideas about a better future. The novel ends with
Bakha walking towards the city, symbolizing his search for dignity and equality.
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